Health Care Graphs 2009

Status of Different Micro-finance models in India

Status of Different Micro-finance Models in India

Vikas Singh, Jagjeet Kumar Mittal, Atul Kumar, Abhishek Narain Sharma

ABSTRACT

In recent years Microfinance has attracted widespread attention for its developmental Impact for the poor, but it too has multitude of issues and complications. This research project has adopted a mix of empirical and theoretical approach with the objective to identify a comprehensive range of implementation and impact issues of microfinance and make detailed deliberations over these for the chosen area‐ i.e. Allahabad, Sitapur, Kanpur and its adjoining region. (A typical northern Indian agrarian setting).This paper will seek to examine what is the current status of the different microfinance models in India and how they are contributing in achieving the financial inclusion. A comprehensive field survey in real‐life setting of the donors, the practitioners and the beneficiaries (the groups) through various means such as formal and informal talks, on‐site questionnaires and audio‐visual means has been performed. The deliberations are focused around examining the implementation issues; the economics behind the issue, the complications involved thereon, the impact‐ individualistic and wider context, providing practical solutions for the problems and the case for including health and education among its domain of services.

 

Introduction

By micro-finance we mean to say that provision of financial services to poor or low-income clients, including consumers and the self- employed. Micro credit (or loans to poor micro enterprises) should not be confused with micro finance. Micro Finance is relatively a bigger term which addresses a broad range of services especially financial and banking needs for poor people. Microfinance exists as a collection of banking practices centered on providing access to basic financial services to poor people, particularly in developing countries. The form in which it has developed and evolved proves it as a reliable and consistent organizational mechanism for providing access to financial services to the poor.

A small initiative which started in 1976, as experimental lending to poor households in the village Jobra (Bangladesh) which later came to be known as Garmin Bank is a widely acclaimed example which bring forth a methodology that brought a paradigm shift breaking the preoccupation of banking channels thus demonstrating the possibility of eradicating poverty and having enormous implications. Essentially in terms of practice it revolved around providing small loans (typically without any collateral) and accepting small to very small deposits and similar financial services as it is progressing. Microfinance presents a series of exciting and acknowledged possibilities for extending market thereby reducing poverty, gender empowerment and promoting social change. India has christened as a developing country with its characteristic demographic unction’s and skewed distributed income structure certainly a rip case for implementing it and so it has happened albeit, on the national scale. The forms, features and working pattern that exist with MFI’s can clearly be categorized similar to that in South India and those working in North India. Regional demographic features such as literacy, occupation, group dynamics, existence and prevalence of institutions and regional pressure group characteristics may explain this distinctness. However, Allahabad district may be considered as a typical representative of North India, especially that of Central India. The extents to which MFI’s have spread and covered the district obviously pronounce that there is lot of work that needs to be done. Every event/process to assess the shortcoming or gaps for identifying and explaining the cause for that as well as for becoming supportive of its expansion necessitates for examining the issues related with the microfinance practice. It exhibits direction and trends, which helps in locating the loopholes and the way forward. So was the objective of our project. Further it also take time to compare whether these trend are consistent or deviating from the national trend or global trend for that matter.

Various models for micro finance

The SHG model

The self help group model has evolved in the NGO sector. A variety of models arise out of NGO nurturing among which SHGs have become the most popular.

SHGs are small informal groups comprising of membership of 10-20 persons. The composition of membership is mostly exclusively male or exclusively female. The members are self selected with a liberty to choose their group depending on their level of affinity with the other potential members. The group meets regularly at an appointed time and place and carries out its financial transactions of savings and credit. The roles and norms of the group are determined by the members themselves. The NGO provides them with support services, training and developing linkages.

However, there are certain features of SHG that need to be looked into:

• The group promotion process is long and the poor have to wait for long periods.
• The amounts available in the beginning are very small and all the members cannot take loans at the same time.
• The functioning of the group relies completely on group dynamics which are very difficult to build in.
• Conflicts arise on seemingly trivial reasons which can lead to the break-down of the group and it is difficult to rebuild it.

Despite these few disadvantages SHG still is a popular model for micro finance in India.

 

Federated SHG approach

The federated SHG approach builds upon the unique features of SHG based micro finance and contributes to factors that improve the sustainability of SHGs. Federations increase the opportunity offered by the SHGs, expands empowerment through leadership building and addresses the component of security through insurance services. Federations usually come under the Societies Registration Act. PRADAN and MYRADA, two large NGOs that pioneered the concept of SHGs.

 

The Grameen Bank Model

The grameen bank methodology which was a case of exceptional success first evolved in Bangladesh and was launched by many other organizations in India with slight variations. Some of the features are as follows:

• Homogeneous groups of 5 members are formed at village level
• The field worker facilitates the process of group forming
• All the group members undergo a 7 day compulsory training
• Some groups undergo the group recognition test
• 8 joint liability groups affiliate together to form a centre
• The centre meets every week at a defined time and a bank assistant attends the meetings.

Group discipline is enforced through peer pressure. Collateral is replaced by peer pressure. The incentive to timely repayment is repeat loans and continuous access to increasing credit from the bank. A field worker maintains a check on loan utilization.

 

Non Banking Finance Companies

The NBFCs has emerged as a nearest substitute for those MFIs who want to go the for-profit route. Since getting registered as a bank is costly and the local area bank idea has not been pursued beyond the initial approvals, the NBFC route is increasingly being chosen by profit driven MFIs. They can also enter the capital markets. Since the poor are bankable and lending to them can be commercially viable it is not necessary to depend on low cost funds to lend to them. Secondly, since the amounts required are huge, the financial markets are the only way to mobilize resources. This would mean mobilizing debt at market rates of interest. The for-profit NBFC route is currently the best way to operate in the capital markets. For regulatory purposes, NBFCs have been classified into 3 categories:

(a) Those accepting public deposits,

(b) Those not accepting public deposits but engaged in financial business

(c) Core investment companies with 90 per cent of their total assets as investments in the securities of their group/holding/subsidiary companies.

 

Methodology

I. Comprehensive literature survey, general and specific for understanding the development of MF, economics of microfinance, the trends and issues as emerging in this field (National and Global scale) and the implication of various MF models.

 

II. As the most important component for reaching the objective of the project we performed a detailed scientific survey of the microfinance institution (SONATA), NGOs (MANVODAYA), SHGs and Banks (Bank of India, Kasmanda Sitapur) working in Allahabad and Sitapur (such as Naini and Karchana in Allahabad and Kasmanda in Sitapur) and the members of the groups/SHG’s whom they are serving. Later on, the statistical and general inferential analysis of the data as obtained from survey provides some rather interesting findings which would certainly be helpful in modifying the ways of microfinance already working and the way forward for those venturing to enter.

The Selection of the Study Area

The study areas selected were

1.      Sitapur district in which individual study of SHGs were carried out to form the very base of the study. All these SHGs were promoted by an NGO MANVODAYA.

1. Allahabad district in which groups were taken whose having lent by sonata MFI.

Areas covered- Naini, Bahadurpur and Karchana Block.

1. Kanpur district which has two federations:

(a) Jagriti Mahila Samiti                                                                                                                                                                                                    (b) Boond Bachat Sangh, Kulgaon.

Both these federations are promoted by the NGO Shramik Sansthan

Sample: ‐

Following points were specially taken care of:

a. SONATA (an MFI institution) which having presence in Allahabad was consulted (Formal Talk session and detailed questionnaire).

 

b. To study the bank linked SHGs model, specific locations (such as Kasmanda in Sitapur and Kanpur) was selected and a specific NGO which having presence in that location was consulted along with its promoted SHGs (Formal Talk session and detailed questionnaire).

 

c. Groups / SHG’s as served and inhabited in different pockets of the region as chalked out are included in survey.

 

d. Rural and urban to semi‐urban areas in regard to group members inhabited and working there should be properly represented in the survey

 

e. Members of various age groups, income level, and with varying literacy levels are properly taken into account.

 

f. As many as 20(5 Bank linkage SHGs and 15 MFI promoted) groups dispersed into various pockets were surveyed, beside to understand the federation model of microfinance, two federation were surveyed too. Three members, on an average, three members from each group were chosen for questionnaire based survey. In addition to this, focus group discussions were conducted when some additional group members from the SHGs were present. Finally, data on loans and member characteristics were gathered from internal records of each group.

 

Means and Measures

a. Specifically designed comprehensive Questionnaires (enclosed in Appendix)

 

b. Questions were orally asked to the members and responses were marked in the questionnaire by the survey team members. Although it was time consuming but necessary for bringing out any meaningful result to the whole endeavor.

 

c. Team members also gone through some formal & informal talk sessions with the group, during and after their weekly meetings with the MFI agents.

 

d. Sessions were video graphed: ‐ This on the one hand facilitate ourselves to dig out every minute inferences, especially in regard to satisfaction level, economic and social impact, in consultation with our project guide (as on some occasion they were not able to be present there physically) and on the other hand arouse the eagerness among the group members (SHGs) to take part into these sessions.

 

Background: The NGO, the MFI, the Federation, Groups and their Members

 

It has seen over the year that the basic principles of group formation are generally common to most of SHGs in India. However, great variations were found in the practical implementation, nature and objectives of the agencies promoting these groups (such as which would be target group, what would be internal policies of the group and what would be the size of group). We have hereby described in brief the models used by our selected NGOs, MFI and Federations which we have chosen for our study.

Current Growth Pattern of SHGs Bank linkage programme (NABARD Promoted)

The SHG – Bank linkage programme launched by NABARD in 1992 continues to be the predominant Micro Finance model. During the year 2006‐07, 6, 86, 408 new SHG were credit linked with banks as against 6, 20, 109 during the year 2005‐06, taking the cumulative number of credit linked SHG to 29, 24,973 (Table 1 and 2). The phenomenal reach of the programme has enabled an estimated 409.5 lakhs poor households to gain access to MF from the banking system as on March 31, 2007.

Table 1. Growth pattern of SHGs

 

Year          

No’s of SHG                 

Growth (%)               

Cumulative

1992‐1999                          

32995

-

32995

1999‐2000                          

81780

148

114775

2000‐2001                          

149050

82

263825

2001‐2002                          

197653

33

461478

2002‐2003

255882

29

717360

2003‐2004                          

361731

41

1079091

2004‐2005                          

539365

49

1618456

2005‐2006

620109

15

2238565

2006‐2007

686408

11

2924973

(Source: NABARD Annual report)

 

CASE STUDIES

Case 1. JAGRITI MAHILA SAMITI

Goal

Implementation of all government and non-government schemes at all local level especially through SHG.

Management Model

From each SHG a person is selected as a member of the general body of the federation. Since there are 165 SHGs in the federation, therefore there are 165 such members. From these 165 members, 9 members are selected in the governing board of the federation, which administer the federation. Out of these 9 members, 3 are selected as the President, Secretary and the Treasurer, who are also responsible for accounting.

Modus Operandi

The federation facilitates the SHG. The governing board produces the whole proceedings of the federation before the general body once in a year. Also the future plans, which had been chalked out by the board, are presented.

The federation charges a fee of Rs.910 every year per SHG. The breakup of the fees is as follows:

1. Federation member-Rs. 200
2. Book writer fee-Rs. 360
3. SHG Audit –Rs. 200
4. Stationary-Rs. 150

The fee of Rs.910 is regular and is paid by all the SHGs as mandatory money which in turn is utilized for their own benefits. Till now no SHG has been found to be a defaulter in payment of this fee.

Intermediary Role

Federation acts as an intermediary in providing services for Cattle Insurance, Agriculture, Group Meeting, and Audit etc.

Extension and Marketing services provided

The federation has not been able to achieve success in marketing at the individual level but has been hugely successful in providing insurance facilities to members of the SHG. Cattle and household insurance facilities have been provided to the SHGs. Local needs and resources are taken care of by the federation. Various initiatives like pickle making, vermiculture were launched.

 

The federation for proper maintenance of the account of the SHGs now keeps book writers Medical aids distributed at the subsidized and reasonable rates, which are verified has been a huge initiative taken by the NGO itself. Since 2000-2004 self-development projects focusing on the training and development of the women SHGs was launched.

The federation is also actively involved with developmental activities of PACS and Panchayats. From 2004-2007 formation of PACS and panchayats was done. From 2007-till date there are 2 workers, which are continuously involved for the support in the upcoming projects. TARAKSHAR program launched for education of women and children. Sewing school was developed and promoted. HELPAGE INDIA initiative was launched which focuses on the self sustainability of the SHGs.

Maturity Level of the federated SHGs

Average size of the SHG was 12 members per SHG whereas the average age of the SHG was 11 years. The number of SHGs enrolled in the federation was 165, which has a total of 1855 members. The federation covered over 40 panchayats.

Credit Linkage

The federation is linked to the U.P Baroda Grameen Bank. The bank gives loan to the SHG members. The interest rate charged was 9% for regular payers and 10.25% for non-regular payers. The grading was done by the bank on various parameters for determining whether the payer is regular or non-regular. If more than 85 marks out of 100 is obtained then the recovery is categorized regular and if less than 85 then the recovery is categorized as non-regular.

Need of the SHGs to join the federation

Initially before the formation of federation projects the SHGs were formed but they were not sustainable in the long run. Joining the federation transformed the SHGs from a self-sufficient unit to a self-recognizable unit. The SHGs joined the federation to indulge in income generating activities vigorously. The federation also encourages the SHGs to increase their volume of business and maintain sustainability. Joining the federation gave them a bigger platform to initiate an activity and was supported by other federation members. Joining the federation helped in better access to funds.

Reach in the District Administration

Initiatives were taken by the District Magistrate on being approached by the federation members to help them in inheritance of the land. DM Kanpur Dehat had helped them in the building of the roads in their villages and also solving sewage problems. Some federation members are also contesting elections at the Panchayat level.

Loaning Status

Table 2: Purpose wise loaning status

S.

No.

Loan Purpose

No. of persons

Amount of the loan

(In Rs.)

1

Medical needs

50

284968

2

Education

6

42400

3

Self consumption

165

1180348

4

Agriculture/Animal husbandry

733

5643676

5

Income generating activities

238

3163016

6

Other

49

314165

Quarterly Report

Average loan size =Rs. 8564

Minimum number of persons took loan for the education purpose

Maximum number was observed in the agriculture/animal purpose.

The loan size for income generating activities is found to be 1.5 times the average loan size.

Case 2. BOOND BACHAT SANGH, KULGAON

Evolution of the Federation

Rashtriya Mahila Kosh was not ready to provide loans to those people who were living below poverty line and who did not have BPL certificates certified by CDO. Owing to the complexity of the loaning procedure and an urge for an independent source led to the formation of federation on 30th Sep 2002.

Objectives

• To inculcate habit of saving in poor women.
• To bring them out of the clutches of the money lender.
• To provide loans to manage household cash flow crisis during emergencies.
• To provide loans for income generation activities.
• To provide business development and business upgradation services.
• To make sure the loans available to the poor.

Federation Management Model

Number of SHGs enrolled by the federation was 170.The federation is currently promoted by the NGO Shramik Bharti. SHGs are divided into four clusters on the basis of geographical area. Each cluster had three main representatives

1. Leader
2. Secretary
3. Federation representative

Leader and Secretary were largely responsible for looking after the work pertaining to the SHGs. At the cluster level one representative from each SHG meets once in a month on a fixed date. Out of these representatives members are chosen which look after the working of the cluster and hence represent the cluster as a whole. Since the federation was divided into four clusters there were a total of twenty members which represent the federation advisory committee.

Out of twenty members two were selected by voting who represented the board, which altogether comprises of five members. The other three members are the Chairperson Trustee and two persons chosen by the Chairperson Trustee himself.

Status Pre-Federation

When the federation was not formed the source of money to the members of the SHGs was through:

1. Inter loaning among members.
2. Through financial institutions like SIDBI, HUDCO, RMK (Rashtriya Mahila Kosh) established by World Bank.

Of these the major source were the financial institutions esp. RMK which charged 6% rate of interest on the loans given. Another 1.5% was charged for the training purpose.

Financial Modeling

Saving

An SHG had following two kinds of saving

1. Compulsory
2. Surplus

• A compulsory saving of Rs.1000 per annum is supposed to be deposited with the federation.
• If there is any surplus the SHG also deposits the surplus.
• On both kinds of savings the SHGs are paid an interest of 6% per month.

Saving of SHG pre federation was Rs.3083 per SHG whereas saving of SHG post federation was Rs.12676 per SHG per annum

Loan distribution model

• The loan granted to a SHG was 8 to 10 times the compulsory saving of that particular SHG. For example if an SHG is 10 years old then the compulsory saving of that SHG will be 10×1000=10,000 Rs. Hence the maximum loan granted to that SHG will be 10×10000=Rs.1.0 lakh.
• The loan sanctioned to the SHG is at the rate of 12%.The SHG in turn lend this to its member at the rate of 18%.
• On repayment of loan the SHGs are entitled for fresh loan.

When a SHG is not capable of providing loan to its member then it approaches the federation. The SHG fills the form on behalf of the member who wants the loan. The form entails the details of the loan like purpose of loan, amount etc. The loan is sanctioned by the cluster members who approve the loan on the guarantee of the SHG. The loan repayment will be on behalf of the SHG.

At last 2 members out of the 5 chosen members should be present at the time of sanctioning the loan. The document is then sent to the Sr. Group Organizer who endorses the same by verifying the loaning status and track record of that SHG.

The loan repayment is splitted according to the amount of loan in installments as follows:

• For loan up to Rs.5000 the maximum installments fixed are 10.
• For loan from Rs.5000-Rs.10000 the amount of repayment was Rs.500/month
• For loan greater than Rs.10000 a maximum of 20 installments is fixed

Saving Status

The average saving per member per year was observed to be Rs.891. During the last financial period (2008-09) it was observed to be Rs.548. This also comes from the fact that the average saving per year per federation increased from Rs.1324171 during 2007-08 to Rs.2155058 during 2008-09.

Interest Analysis

1/3rd of the interest received on loaning the SHGs was used for the general working of the federation like stationary, rent, stock, training, and auditing. The part saved was distributed as profit.

Loaning Status

Direct loaning is not being done by the financial institutions to the federation. Instead the loan is given to the NGO promoting the federation. 15% of the applications for loan were for meeting medical needs,8% for repayment of existing loans, 20% for social purposes like marriage etc, 20% of the applications were for consumption purposes like house repairing etc, where as 38% of the loan is used for income generation activities.

Efficiency and Sustainability Indicator

OCR (Operational Cost Ratio) is defined as the cost incurred by the federation in maintaining a loan portfolio of Rs.100. OCR on analysis was found to be 9.3%

OSS (Operational Self Sufficiency) is defined as the ratio of operational expenses over operational income.

OSS on analysis was found to be 190%

Constraints and Issues

• Lack of proper infrastructure for conducting meetings. Extreme weather condition during summer and winter acting as a impediment in regular holding of meetings.
• Federation was not capable of providing extension services due to lack of leadership.
• No marketing interventions. Federation was not involved in marketing of products produced by SHGs. This would have gone a long way in attaining sustainability of federation as well as SHGs.

Important Findings of the Survey & Analysis of the same

The major reasons for low penetration of financial products like health insurance, crop insurance, remittance facility, and other financial products among the SHG members are:

 

1. 1. MFI’s are unable to develop new innovative products for the poorest of poor and they are merely acting as micro‐creditor in Allahabad region. This is quite evident in other parts of India; though it is found in the study that those which are linked to the SHGs Bank Linkage programme are far better than those promoted and financed by the MFIs.the reason for these could be several and few majors ones we found out during our talk with NBFCs are:

• Lack of risk sharing among different players from lenders: banks, insurance companies, financial intermediaries, and other financial institutes due to high risk associated with micro‐finance.
• The SHGs which are developed on Bank linkage model are generally get subsidy from government programme (programme like SGSY, DWCRA etc).
• Lack of financial incentives provided to MFIs listed as NBFC and other institutes by Indian government in the form of tax incentives, reduced excise & custom duty on IT solutions (both hardware & software), which can help MFIs in early adaption of latest IT solution helping them in improving operating efficiencies, improving service to its clients, developing new financial solutions, improving its reach thereby achieving the economies of scales which will ultimately help in reducing interest rate for the poor and access to better services.
• High transaction cost involved in handling financial products like insurance & remittance facility is another reason which is forcing MFIs not to enter into uncharted territories.
• Although micro‐finance is growing at 30‐35 percent annually according to various sources like Intellecap, it is still unable to attract highly talented and skilled individual, who can reshape the entire industry.
• And, last most micro‐finance companies are reluctant to test new financial products and are happy to merely act as micro‐credit provider, the reason for this is lack of risk sharing between different players and lack of government incentives.

1. 2. Second, it is due to the low level of financial literacy of the members and “Cole & Fernando, (2008) reported that financial literacy is very important determinant of finance”, as shown in figure (1) the literacy level of interviewed members is quite low, making them unable to comprehend the benefits and cost issues of complex products like health insurance, crop insurance, and other financial products. The poor in Allahabad and surrounding region are not even aware of these products and the only insurance product sold to them (in this case members of Sonata Finance are charged Rs 100 per year) is to cover the loss of MFI in case of any unfortunate happening to the group member.

3. Though Microfinance’s penetration is growing at a much higher speed, still they haven’t succeeded in changing the saving behavior of the people. It is found in survey of the 50 member of the different groups promoted by SONATA MFI in Allahabad region that 4% of the people still don’t have any saving other than what they have in group saving, 50% people have their saving in form of gold, 32% people have their savings in bank and around 14-15% people use the service of chit funds for their saving.

4. The average earning per day of the 42 & 32 % of respondents were in region of Rs 50–    100 & Rs 100‐150 and only 20 percent of the respondent have average earning per day below US $1 as evident from the figure. From this we draw out conclusion that the microfinance (read microcredit in context of Allahabad and surrounding region) hasn’t reached the ‘poorest of poor’, the segment of poor i.e. approximately 300 million people in India who are in dire needs of credit at low interest rates to save them from the hands of local moneylenders, and other financial services like saving, remittance, and insurance. The low interest capital can help these “poorest of poor” to move out of “poverty trap” by investing the capital into income generating activities like dairies, tea‐shops, and grocery stores.

Conclusion

From the research various conclusions can be drawn but our interest was in the following main areas. First of all the participation of research institutions in the microfinance sector is very low as compared to the other developing countries. So in order to develop microfinance sector it is necessary to promote these institutions to come forward and take initiatives to develop new instruments, products and models for the upliftment of this sector.

One more important thing which we have found is that use of ICT is still very low in this sector which is needed to be improved. Because in current situation one cannot think of growth without ICT. But there is one problem with the implementation of ICT in microfinance sector. The end users of this sector are not techno-savvy and mostly come from the bottom of pyramid. So in order to implement ICT first of all the government has understand that everyone has right to computer education and everyone should get it.

Recommendations

To move approximately 300 million people in India, who are below the poverty line out of ‘poverty trap’ and serving the ‘poorest of poor’, it’s imperative for MFIs to move to next wave of growth in microfinance and not restrict themselves to microcredit lending only, and develop innovative financial products keeping in view the interest of the ‘poorest of poor’ so that the actual benefits can percolate to the people who really need them. While analyzing the findings of our survey, we are recommending few important suggestions:

 

1. Training SHG members (especially of those who borrowed from MFI) to enhance their financial literacy and earning power.

 

2. Changing the repayment schedule and made it more flexible.

The changes which are required to be made are explained through the following model.

 

Training:

We can forget for some time to provide credit facility and saving mobilization to the poor but it is injustice to provide credit without any training and input to the poor people. It is well accepted fact that a credit will not attain its objective, until and unless it will use in right way and it can be achieve only if the people will get a proper training. Generally the poor continues with their family occupation, many a times related with their cast to which they belong, particularly in northern India. Traditional knowledge and skills as gained through generations, certainly has importance, but not able to a good sustenance. Large scale mechanized production has let it down. In short, role of training for better occupational efficiency can hardly be overemphasized.

Additionally, following factors goes in favor for providing training: ‐

 

1. The model which is adopted by the MFIs is not including NGOs or any other social service group as intermediary and so to provide some sort training or better implements is grossly untouched, though it is found that most of the MFIs work as a consultant and lender both for the borrower but still the number of such MFI is very low. On the other side illiterate and poor people can neither explore other available avenues nor may have access to it. So there is ground for linking providing micro credit facilities & related occupational training.

2. Members of group (Linked to a MFI) feel the need of occupational training and better implements, whether they are with their traditional occupational or have ventured into some other area, while the member of group which are facilitated by an NGO feels the need for a personnel who can do the documentation work on behalf of them. For that a better way is to choose a person from a group itself who is enough educated to do the document of work for not only his own group but also for the other group as well.

Quick Repayment

1. Repayment schedule should start from the very next week of borrowing.
2. Repayment rules should remain same irrespective of the growth status of the SHG.
3. Better training should be given to ensure additional income. It will ensure timely return.
4. Repayment installments should remain of the same size throughout the outstanding of the loan amount and must not vary with time.

References

 

1. Tor Jansson, IADB, Micro-finance From village to wall street.
2. Bansal Hema (2003), “SHG – Bank Linkage Program in India: An Overview”, Journal of Microfinance, Vol. 5 No’s 1.
3. John Weiss, Heather Montgomery and Elvira Kurmanalieva: Micro Finance and Poverty Reduction in Asia: What is the Evidence? (ADB Institute Research Paper Series No. 53 December 2003).
4. Lucie Gadenne, Veena Vasudevan, Institute for Financial Management and Research Centre for Micro Finance, Working Paper Series No. 18, November 2007 (How Do Women in Mature SHGs Save and Invest Their Money?).
5. Dr. Kimberly Leonard (Impact of Micro-finance on poverty, Income inequality and entrepreneurship).
6. Priya Basu (World Bank) and Pradeep Srivastava  (NCAER, India), (Scaling up Microfinance for India’s rural poor).
7. NABARD, Annual Report 2008-2009 (http://www.nabard.org/FileUpload/DataBank/AnnualReports/Annual_Report_2008-2009_ENGLISH_100809.pdf).
8. http://www.microfinanceinsight.com

 

 

About the Author

Author is a student of MBA-IT 2008-2010 of IIIT Allahabad. He is a B. Tech in Electronics and Communication from Uttar Pradesh Technical University, Lucknow. His major subjects in MBA are IT, Finance and Marketing.

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Neurological Health Formula by Holistic Health (180 tablets) $29.9 Complete Multi-vitamin Formula. A complete multi-vitamin formula with 38 vitamins, minerals and nutrients.

Equine Joint Health Granules (60 Doese) 720.00 $29 Equine Joint Health for unbeatable prices at TotalPetSupply.com Today’s trusted online pet store that dispenses the best quality pet medications.

Equine Joint Health Soft Chews 120.00 $34 Equine Joint Health for unbeatable prices at TotalPetSupply.com Today’s trusted online pet store that dispenses the best quality pet medications.

EvoraPlus® by Oragenics (30 mints) $14.49 The First Probiotic Mints for Complete Oral Care. EvoraPlus® is a unique probiotic mint that contains the patented beneficial bacteria blend, ProBiora3®. EvoraPlus® represents a whole new level of oral care, one in which good oral health is supported and maintained with good bacteria – just the way nature intended.

Canine Joint Health Soft Chews 120.00 $45 Canine Joint Health from a trusted online pet pharmacy. Total Pet Supply offers free shipping all orders over $100

Canine Joint Health Granules (120 Doese) 750.00 $31 Canine Joint Health from a trusted online pet pharmacy. Total Pet Supply offers free shipping all orders over $100

Gibson Care Kit $34.99 This care kit helps you keep your Gibson guitar in optimal condition and includes premium fretboard conditioner, low-abrasive metal cleaner, pump polish, 3 polishing cloths and a Gibson woven strap.

Metra Installation Kit for 2009 Ford F-150 Vehicles – Black $34.99 Upgrade the in-dash deck in your 2009 Ford F-150 with this kit that supports 1 double DIN or 2 single DIN components.

Metra Installation Kit for 2009 Toyota Corolla Vehicles – Black $16.99 This dash kit allows for the installation of an aftermarket radio into the factory dash location of 2009 Toyota Corolla models.

Dell Ink Cartridge – Tricolor $19.99 Produce colorful graphs, charts and pictures with this replacement color ink cartridge.

Enzadent Oral Care Chews Large Dog 18.00 $15 Enzadent Oral Care Chews from a trusted online pet pharmacy. Total Pet Supply offers free shipping all orders over $100

Enzadent Oral Care Chews Medium Dog 18.00 $14 Enzadent Oral Care Chews from a trusted online pet pharmacy. Total Pet Supply offers free shipping all orders over $100

Enzadent Oral Care Chews Petite Dog 30.00 $9 Enzadent Oral Care Chews from a trusted online pet pharmacy. Total Pet Supply offers free shipping all orders over $100

Enzadent Oral Care Chews Small Dog 18.00 $11 Enzadent Oral Care Chews from a trusted online pet pharmacy. Total Pet Supply offers free shipping all orders over $100

Metra Installation Kit for 2009 Ford F-150 XL Vehicles – Black $21.99 This dash kit allows for the installation of an aftermarket double DIN or 2 single DIN components into the factory dash location of 2009 Ford F-150 XL models.

Metra Installation Kit for 2009 Nissan Maxima Vehicles – Gray $25.99 This kit allows for the installation of an aftermarket radio into a factory dash location in your 2009 Nissan Maxima vehicle and features ABS plastic for durability.

Metra Installation Kit for 2009 Mazda 6 Vehicles – Silver $55.99 This kit allows for the installation of an aftermarket radio into the factory dash location of your 2009 Mazda 6 vehicle and features textured ABS plastic material for a seamless look.

Synovial-Flex Joint Care for Dogs Chewable 120.00 $47 Synovial-Flex Joint Care for Dogs medication at an affordable price! Total Pet Supply offers pet medications online with exceptional service to pet owners across the United States of America

Synovial-Flex Joint Care for Dogs Chewable 180.00 $51 Synovial-Flex Joint Care for Dogs medication at an affordable price! Total Pet Supply offers pet medications online with exceptional service to pet owners across the United States of America

Scosche Car Stereo Installation Kit for 2009 Ford F-150 Vehicles – Black $49.99 Replace the stock radio system in your 2009 Ford F-150 with this stereo installation kit that features a pocket and factory-style retention clips for easy installation. The flat black design matches the factory contour style for a sleek look.

Metra Installation Kit for 2009 Nissan 370Z Vehicles – Black $39.99 Easily install an aftermarket radio into your 2009 Nissan 370Z with this kit that allows for single- or double-DIN mounting and features a contoured design to match the dash for a seamless look.

Metra Installation Kit for 2009 Toyota Venza Vehicles – Silver $17.99 Upgrade your 2009 Toyota Venza vehicle’s sound system with this installation kit that allows a DIN aftermarket radio to be placed into the factory dash. ABS plastic material ensures long-lasting use.

Daily Health ProPack™ (30 day supply) $43.49 Advanced nutritional support for a healthy foundation. Go beyond the A, B, Cs of daily vitamins, and reach for advanced nutrition in simple, easy packets: essential daily nutrients, from amino acids to green superfoods, antioxidants to essential fatty acids, digestive enzymes to multivitamins and more. This is a rock-solid foundation you can augment should you have additional nutrient needs. You won't find a comparable daily-packet product on the market!

Virtua Tennis 2009 PRE-OWNED – Nintendo Wii $17.99 SynopsisStep out onto the court and get ready to face off against some of the world’s top players. Virtua Tennis 2009 serves up intense tennis fun that brings the action on the court to life with incredible realism. Demonstrate your control and accuracy with the series’ trademark pinpoint gameplay mechanics that lend every stroke, volley and serve real-life power and immediacy, and show you’ve got what it takes to compete for one of the sport’s most coveted prizes. Virtua Tennis 2009 comes filled with enhancements that amp up the excitement on the court. Design your own customized player in the new player creation system, which offers a huge variety of options and includes improvements to hair, skin and texture detail. An enhanced world tour lets you pit your skills against more than 20 licensed pros and even make a run at the Davis Cup. Show off your tennis talents in arenas around the globe, complete with 3D crowds, and hone your skills to pro level in a tennis academy in which you’ll take lessons from such greats as Stefan Edberg and Tim Henman. There are also 12 action-packed mini games that let you test your reflexes beyond traditional tennis, including Alien Attack, Avalanche and Meat Defender.

UFC 2009 Undisputed PRE-OWNED – Xbox 360 $4.99 Learn more about UFC 2009 Undisputed. (Flash demo) SynopsisYou suit up for action and take your place in the confines of the world-famous Octagon. You stare down your opponent, radiating your total willingness to inflict punishment. The fight begins and you spring into action, unleashing your most devastating mixed martial arts moves. Your body hums with adrenaline as you grapple with your opponent, your bodies colliding in a stunning show of power and aggression. Will your formidable strength and your desire to dominate be enough to carry you to ultimate victory? UFC 2009 Undisputed delivers all the raw power and excitement of the Ultimate Fighting Championship straight to your game console. Choose from a deep roster of more than 80 top UFC competitors across all weight divisions, and savor the photorealistic intensity as the fighters breathe, sweat and move just like their real-life counterparts. Command your fighters in the Octagon with responsive, easy-to-use controls and a new next-gen fighting game engine, and unleash an assault that combines a variety of martial arts disciplines in order to force your opponents to submit to your superior skill.

Virtua Tennis 2009 PRE-OWNED – PlayStation 3 $17.99 SynopsisStep out onto the court and get ready to face off against some of the world’s top players. Virtua Tennis 2009 serves up intense tennis fun that brings the action on the court to life with incredible realism. Demonstrate your control and accuracy with the series’ trademark pinpoint gameplay mechanics that lend every stroke, volley and serve real-life power and immediacy, and show you’ve got what it takes to compete for one of the sport’s most coveted prizes. Virtua Tennis 2009 comes filled with enhancements that amp up the excitement on the court. Design your own customized player in the new player creation system, which offers a huge variety of options and includes improvements to hair, skin and texture detail. An enhanced world tour lets you pit your skills against more than 20 licensed pros and even make a run at the Davis Cup. Show off your tennis talents in arenas around the globe, complete with 3D crowds, and hone your skills to pro level in a tennis academy in which you’ll take lessons from such greats as Stefan Edberg and Tim Henman. There are also 12 action-packed mini games that let you test your reflexes beyond traditional tennis, including Alien Attack, Avalanche and Meat Defender.

WWE SmackDown vs Raw 2009 – Nintendo DS $8.99 SynopsisThe crowd roars in your ears as you measure your opponent with one swift glance. You’ve inflicted plenty of damage, but now it’s time to finish this loser off. Adrenaline surges, and with a burst of speed you launch yourself into the air. With a bone-crushing “WHAM” your opponent is slammed to the mat. His body flails under yours, but you’ve got him pinned. You grin at the knowledge of certain victory and then bash him into the mat once more for good measure. WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 slams you with all the excitement and intensity of pro wrestling. With graphics so realistic you’ll practically smell the fear on your opponent, you’ll experience the thrill of the ring in a whole new way. An increased roster and new match types, including Steel Cage, give you plenty of ways to increase the intensity. The redesigned Season mode offers a role-playing approach that lets you interact with superstars, upgrade abilities and complete missions on a quest toward lofty goals. With WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009, the ring will never be the same again.

Virtua Tennis 2009 PRE-OWNED – Xbox 360 $17.99 SynopsisStep out onto the court and get ready to face off against some of the world’s top players. Virtua Tennis 2009 serves up intense tennis fun that brings the action on the court to life with incredible realism. Demonstrate your control and accuracy with the series’ trademark pinpoint gameplay mechanics that lend every stroke, volley and serve real-life power and immediacy, and show you’ve got what it takes to compete for one of the sport’s most coveted prizes. Virtua Tennis 2009 comes filled with enhancements that amp up the excitement on the court. Design your own customized player in the new player creation system, which offers a huge variety of options and includes improvements to hair, skin and texture detail. An enhanced world tour lets you pit your skills against more than 20 licensed pros and even make a run at the Davis Cup. Show off your tennis talents in arenas around the globe, complete with 3D crowds, and hone your skills to pro level in a tennis academy in which you’ll take lessons from such greats as Stefan Edberg and Tim Henman. There are also 12 action-packed mini games that let you test your reflexes beyond traditional tennis, including Alien Attack, Avalanche and Meat Defender.

UVZ Health Systems Family Toothbrush Sanitizer – White $59.99 This family toothbrush sanitizer accommodates up to 5 toothbrushes and can also be used to sanitize small health and grooming appliances to kill up to 99.9% of contagions including SARS, hepatitis, bacillus, staph, cold and flu viruses.

Fatigued to Fantastic!™ Energy Revitalization System – Tropical Citrus (30 day supply) $35.49 Vitality, Health and Lasting Energy. Boost your energy with Dr. Jacob Teitelbaum's Fatigued to Fantastic!™ Energy Revitalization System. This unique supplement system of more than 50 vitamins, minerals and other crucial nutrients will help you to reclaim your life from the overwhelming fatigue and brain fog that drag you down. Dr. Teitelbaum's clinical experience indicates that after using this energy formula for three months in conjunction with his individualized health care program, most people will notice a 76% improvement in their quality of life.

Fatigued to Fantastic!™ Energy Revitalization System – Berry Splash (30 day supply) $35.49 Vitality, Health and Lasting Energy. Boost your energy with Dr. Jacob Teitelbaum's Fatigued to Fantastic!™ Energy Revitalization System. This unique supplement system of more than 50 vitamins, minerals and other crucial nutrients will help you to reclaim your life from the overwhelming fatigue and brain fog that drag you down. Dr. Teitelbaum's clinical experience indicates that after using this energy formula for three months in conjunction with his individualized health care program, most people will notice a 76% improvement in their quality of life.

Enzadent Oral Care Chews Cats Fish Flavoured 24.00 $14 Enzadent Oral Care Chews from a trusted online pet pharmacy. Total Pet Supply offers free shipping all orders over $100

Enzadent Oral Care Chews Rinse with Chlorhexidine 0.12% and Zinc 8.00 $8 Enzadent Oral Care Chews from a trusted online pet pharmacy. Total Pet Supply offers free shipping all orders over $100

Metra Installation Kit for 2009 and Later Mercedes GLK Vehicles – Black $19.99 Upgrade your 2009 or later Mercedes GLK vehicle’s sound system with this Metra 99-8716B installation kit that features a snap-in, quick-release design to simplify setup. The kit is painted to match your vehicle’s factory finish for seamless integration.

Synovial-Flex Joint Care for Dogs Soft Chews 120.00 $39 Synovial-Flex Joint Care for Dogs medication at an affordable price! Total Pet Supply offers pet medications online with exceptional service to pet owners across the United States of America

Synovial-Flex Joint Care for Dogs Soft Chews 240.00 $66 Synovial-Flex Joint Care for Dogs medication at an affordable price! Total Pet Supply offers pet medications online with exceptional service to pet owners across the United States of America

Synovial-Flex Joint Care for Dogs Soft Chews 60.00 $20 Synovial-Flex Joint Care for Dogs medication at an affordable price! Total Pet Supply offers pet medications online with exceptional service to pet owners across the United States of America

Panasonic Pedicure Care Heel Buffer – Pink $39.99 Take care of your feet with this heel buffer that features a narrow file for in between toes and smaller areas and a regular file for larger areas, such as your soles and heels.

Hamilton Beach Health Smart Indoor/Outdoor Grill $59.99 Cook a tasty and healthy meal with this Hamilton Beach Health Smart 31605A indoor/outdoor grill that features a 125 sq. in. nonstick surface for simple grilling and cool-touch handles for safe use. The dishwasher-safe design allows easy cleaning.

PES 2009: Pro Evolution Soccer – Xbox 360 $29.99 SynopsisYour legs are pumping and your heart thumping as you charge down the field. The ball is in your control, your feet dribbling with expert speed and precision as you evade the efforts of the opposing team. You spy an opening and pass skillfully to one of your teammates, who just as expertly receives the ball and blasts through the opposition’s defense. One swift and powerful kick sends the ball soaring toward the goal, and the goalie lunges in a desperate effort to stop it. Will he be able to block the shot, or will there be cause to hear that sweetest of announcements: “GOOOAAALLLL!” PES 2009: Pro Evolution Soccer continues the power and authenticity of this renowned series with new features and enhancements that deepen the intensity of the pro soccer experience. The world of professional soccer comes alive before your eyes with players who look more precisely like their real-life counterparts, courtesy of a stunning graphical update. Make the game your own with all-new options designed to help you tailor the game to your personal tastes, and exert mastery over the ball with new innovative control schemes that let you live out your pro soccer dreams and dominate the game like never before.

UFC 2009 Undisputed PRE-OWNED – PlayStation 3 $4.99 SynopsisYou suit up for action and take your place in the confines of the world-famous Octagon. You stare down your opponent, radiating your total willingness to inflict punishment. The fight begins and you spring into action, unleashing your most devastating mixed martial arts moves. Your body hums with adrenaline as you grapple with your opponent, your bodies colliding in a stunning show of power and aggression. Will your formidable strength and your desire to dominate be enough to carry you to ultimate victory? UFC 2009 Undisputed delivers all the raw power and excitement of the Ultimate Fighting Championship straight to your game console. Choose from a deep roster of more than 80 top UFC competitors across all weight divisions, and savor the photorealistic intensity as the fighters breathe, sweat and move just like their real-life counterparts. Command your fighters in the Octagon with responsive, easy-to-use controls and a new next-gen fighting game engine, and unleash an assault that combines a variety of martial arts disciplines in order to force your opponents to submit to your superior skill.

NPPL Championship Paintball 2009 PRE-OWNED – Xbox 360 $19.99 Learn more about NPPL Championship Paintball 2009 – Xbox 360. (Flash demo) SynopsisSavor the uniquely explosive power of that most colorful of extreme sports, paintball, as you do your best to splatter the competition in NPPL Championship Paintball 2009. Hoist your gun and get ready to duck, weave and fire across an array of NPPL and Millennium field locations and layouts. Feel the adrenaline coursing through your veins, relish the harnessed power of your paintball gun under your fingers and get ready to lay down some paint. NPPL Championship Paintball 2009 delivers authentic paintball action in thrilling first-person shooter style. Play your way across more than 35 exciting tournaments, including Huntington Beach, the Commander’s Cup, Toulouse and Malaga, as well as incredible woodsball levels, and experience all the intensity of real-world paintball with astonishingly realistic ballistics, physics and motion-captured player movements that lend powerful immediacy to every lunge, sprint and slide. Outfit yourself with any of more than 110 pieces of officially licensed gear, including upgradeable and unlockable markers, barrels, hoppers and protective gear, and get ready to splatter the competition.

SmackDown vs Raw 2009 Featuring ECW PRE-OWNED – Nintendo DS $14.99 SynopsisThe audience pulses with energy as you face your opponent, sizing him up in one quick look. You’ve suffered plenty of damage in the past, but this time, it’s personal. Your blood roars in your ears and with a lunge into the air, you slam your opponent to the mat, pinning him into a helpless position. A feral look crosses your face at the thought of this win, just as the crowd roars your name. It’s time for you to claim your victory. A legendary fighting game franchise upholds its commitment to providing gamers with the definitive simulation of live WWE programming with SmackDown vs. Raw 2009. Featuring added depth and realism, along with a redesigned Season mode that lets you take on a role-playing approach, SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 Featuring ECW enables players to come together and experience the virtual world of the WWE. With graphics so realistic you’ll practically smell the fear on your opponent, you’ll experience the thrill of the ring in a whole new way. Customize all aspects of your created superstars and take them into the heat of battle, fully confident of a win. With SmackDown vs. Raw 2009, the ring will never be the same again.

Oral B Professional Care 5000 Toothbrush – White $159.99 Take care of your teeth and gums with this toothbrush that features Deep Clean mode for removing up to 99.7% of plaque from hard-to-reach places and flossaction technology for overall cleaning. The wireless SmartGuide helps maximize brushing performance.

West Coast Customs Monster Car Care Kit $99.99 This car care kit features a 2-sided microfiber sponge for brushing away tar, grease and more without leaving scratches. The Shine On tire dressing spray delivers a glossy finish to vinyl, leather and rubber for a stylish look.

Samsung Toner Cartridge – Cyan $52.99 Print vivid pictures and graphs with this cyan ink cartridge for use with your Samsung laser printer.

Lenmar Lithium-Ion Battery for T-Mobile SideKick LX 2009 Mobile Phones $13.99 Power your T-Mobile SideKick LX 2009 mobile phone with this battery that replaces T-Mobile PV-BL51 and features a 1100 mAh capacity for long-lasting use.

Omron Ultra Premium Blood Pressure Monitor with Health Management Software $139 Receive reliable results with this blood pressure monitor that features IntelliSense technology for accurate readings and an 84-reading memory with advanced averaging to help you monitor your health. This product is compatible with Microsoft HealthVault.

PES 2009: Pro Evolution Soccer PRE-OWNED – PlayStation 2 $12.99 SynopsisYour legs are pumping and your heart thumping as you charge down the field. The ball is in your control, your feet dribbling with expert speed and precision as you evade the efforts of the opposing team. You spy an opening and pass skillfully to one of your teammates, who just as expertly receives the ball and blasts through the opposition’s defense. One swift and powerful kick sends the ball soaring toward the goal, and the goalie lunges in a desperate effort to stop it. Will he be able to block the shot, or will there be cause to hear that sweetest of announcements: “GOOOAAALLLL.” PES 2009: Pro Evolution Soccer continues the power and authenticity of this renowned series with new features and enhancements that deepen the intensity of the pro soccer experience. The world of professional soccer comes alive before your eyes with players who look more precisely like their real-life counterparts and ultra-realistic stadiums, courtesy of a stunning graphical update. Exciting improvements in ball control, passing and characters’ reactions enhance the authenticity of your teamwork on the field, and an improved AI engine adds to the challenge with opposition players who think and act like real competitive players. With updated rosters from favorite club and national teams, more realistic camera angles and improvements to the Master League mode, PES 2009 lets you live out your pro soccer dreams and dominate the game like never before.

WWE SmackDown vs Raw 2009 PRE-OWNED – Xbox 360 $17.99 SynopsisThe crowd roars in your ears as you measure your opponent with one swift glance. Your teammate has inflicted plenty of damage, but it’s up to you to finish this loser off. Adrenaline surges, and with a burst of speed you launch yourself into the air. With a bone-crushing “WHAM” your opponent is slammed to the mat. His body flails under yours, but you’ve got him pinned. You grin at the knowledge of certain victory and then bash him into the mat once more for good measure. WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 slams you with all the excitement and intensity of pro wrestling. With graphics so realistic you’ll practically smell the fear on your opponent, you’ll experience the thrill of the ring in a whole new way. For the first time experience the virtual world of the WWE in a brand-new tag team match where you’ll work as part of a team to build momentum and attributes, destroy opponents and pull off vicious tag team finishers. Launch yourself down the road to WrestleMania in the game’s new Story mode, featuring the franchise’s first ever co-op storyline. Customize all aspects of your created superstars and create the most devastating finishing moves ever unleashed. With WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009, the ring will never be the same again.

PES 2009: Pro Evolution Soccer PRE-OWNED – Xbox 360 $19.99 SynopsisYour legs are pumping and your heart thumping as you charge down the field. The ball is in your control, your feet dribbling with expert speed and precision as you evade the efforts of the opposing team. You spy an opening and pass skillfully to one of your teammates, who just as expertly receives the ball and blasts through the opposition’s defense. One swift and powerful kick sends the ball soaring toward the goal, and the goalie lunges in a desperate effort to stop it. Will he be able to block the shot, or will there be cause to hear that sweetest of announcements: “GOOOAAALLL” PES 2009: Pro Evolution Soccer continues the power and authenticity of this renowned series with new features and enhancements that deepen the intensity of the pro soccer experience. The world of professional soccer comes alive before your eyes with players who look more precisely like their real-life counterparts and ultra-realistic stadiums, courtesy of a stunning graphical update. Exciting improvements in ball control, passing and characters’ reactions enhance the authenticity of your teamwork on the field, and an improved AI engine adds to the challenge with opposition players who think and act like real competitive players. With updated rosters from favorite club and national teams, more realistic camera angles and improvements to the Master League mode, PES 2009 lets you live out your pro soccer dreams and dominate the game like never before.

WWE SmackDown vs Raw 2009 PRE-OWNED – PSP $7.99 SynopsisThe crowd roars in your ears as you measure your opponent with one swift glance. Your teammate has inflicted plenty of damage, but it’s up to you to finish this loser off. Adrenaline surges, and with a burst of speed you launch yourself into the air. With a bone-crushing “WHAM,” your opponent is slammed to the mat. His body flails under yours, but you’ve got him pinned. You grin at the knowledge of certain victory and then bash him into the mat once more for good measure. WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 slams you with all the excitement and intensity of pro wrestling. With graphics so realistic you’ll practically smell the fear on your opponent, you’ll experience the thrill of the ring in a whole new way. For the first time experience the virtual world of the WWE in a brand-new tag team match where you’ll work as part of a team to build momentum and attributes, destroy opponents and pull off vicious tag team finishers. Launch yourself down the road to WrestleMania in the game’s new Story mode, featuring the franchise’s first ever co-op storyline. Customize all aspects of your created superstars and create the most devastating finishing moves ever unleashed. With WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009, the ring will never be the same again.

Little League World Series Baseball 2009 PRE-OWNED – Nintendo DS $17.99 SynopsisGet ready to show you’ve got what it takes to make it big in Little League. In Little League World Series Baseball 2009. Demonstrate your baseball talents in six thrilling challenges, including four of the best from the prior season and two brand-new challenges. New talent vs. talent face-offs heat up the competition, and an expanded World Series mode, including a full team editor, regional tournaments and six new stadiums, steeps you in all the intense excitement of this iconic championship. Customize your player’s batting, pitching and fielding style with the enhanced character creator, and enjoy edge-of-your-seat play-by-play commentary from legendary announcers Brent Musburger and Gary Thorne.

PES 2009: Pro Evolution Soccer PRE-OWNED – PSP $12.99 SynopsisYour legs are pumping and your heart thumping as you charge down the field. The ball is in your control, your feet dribbling with expert speed and precision as you evade the efforts of the opposing team. You spy an opening and pass skillfully to one of your teammates, who just as expertly receives the ball and blasts through the opposition’s defense. One swift and powerful kick sends the ball soaring toward the goal, and the goalie lunges in a desperate effort to stop it. Will he be able to block the shot, or will there be cause to hear that sweetest of announcements: “GOOOAAALLL” PES 2009: Pro Evolution Soccer continues the power and authenticity of this renowned series with new features and enhancements that deepen the intensity of the pro soccer experience. The world of professional soccer comes alive before your eyes with players who look more precisely like their real-life counterparts and ultra-realistic stadiums, courtesy of a stunning graphical update. Exciting improvements in ball control, passing and characters’ reactions enhance the authenticity of your teamwork on the field, and an improved AI engine adds to the challenge with opposition players who think and act like real competitive players. With updated rosters from favorite club and national teams, more realistic camera angles and improvements to the Master League mode, PES 2009 lets you live out your pro soccer dreams and dominate the game like never before.

NPPL Championship Paintball 2009 PRE-OWNED – Nintendo Wii $17.99 SynopsisSplatter the competition in NPPL Championship Paintball 2009 as you take on your opponents in this explosive extreme sport. Hoist your gun and get ready to duck, weave and fire across an array of NPPL and Millennium field locations and layouts. Feel the adrenaline coursing through your veins, relish the harnessed power of your paintball gun under your fingers and get ready to lay down some paint. NPPL Championship Paintball 2009 puts you into the action with a thrilling first-person shooter style. Play your way across more than 35 exciting tournaments, including Huntington Beach, the Commander’s Cup, Toulouse and Malaga, as well as incredible woodsball levels, and experience all the intensity of real-world paintball with astonishingly realistic ballistics, physics and motion-captured player movements that lend powerful immediacy to every lunge, sprint and slide. Outfit yourself with any of more than 110 pieces of officially licensed gear, including upgradeable and unlockable markers, barrels, hoppers and protective gear, and get ready to splatter the competition.

SmackDown vs Raw 2009 Featuring ECW PRE-OWNED – Nintendo Wii $17.99 SynopsisThe audience pulses with energy as you face your opponent, sizing him up in one quick look. You’ve suffered plenty of damage in the past, but this time, it’s personal. Your blood roars in your ears and with a lunge into the air, you slam your opponent to the mat, pinning him into a helpless position. A feral look crosses your face at the thought of this win, just as the crowd roars your name. It’s time for you to claim your victory. A legendary fighting game franchise delivers even more adrenaline-pumping action with SmackDown vs. Raw 2009. Featuring added weapons including steel steps, tables, ladders and more, you must use what you have to decimate your opponent. With more match types than ever and online gameplay you’ll have plenty of chances to pummel your way to the top. See if you can make it to the biggest event of the year, as you fight in story mode and start down the road to Wrestlemania. With SmackDown vs. Raw 2009, the ring will never be the same again.

Jillian Michaels’ Fitness Ultimatum 2009 PRE-OWNED – Nintendo Wii $17.99 SynopsisGetting fit becomes easy when you have the assistance of a celebrity fitness trainer. Jillian Michaels’ Fitness Ultimatum 2009 will get you up and moving in your own customized workout routine. Move past your couch potato ways and put your leisure time to good use as you begin blazing a path to a happier, healthier you. Jillian Michaels’ Fitness Ultimatum 2009 places you in the role of a new recruit at Jillian’s fitness boot camp. Design your workout around your own personal goals, selecting one of four types Weight Loss, Strength Training, Intervals or Hill Climb and establishing your preferred duration and degree of difficulty. Use your Wii Remote, Nunchuk controller and Balance Board to complete a variety of motion-based physical activities, including rowing/paddling, punching bags, walking a balance beam and crossing monkey bars. A convenient Statistics screen allows you to input personal data so you can measure your progress in terms of calories burned, weight, in-game performance and other benchmarks. With the help of unlockable lifestyle and fitness video tips from Jillian, you can begin to take a more holistic approach to fitness by incorporating her guidance on cooking, snacking, targeted training and other topics across all areas of your life.

Clenz-A-Dent RF2 Wax Home Care 40.00 $11 Clenz-A-Dent RF2 Wax medication at an affordable price! Total Pet Supply offers pet medications online with exceptional service to pet owners across the United States of America

Cabela’s Dangerous Hunts 2009 PRE-OWNED – PlayStation 3 $9.99 SynopsisYou stalk your target as the vast African savannah stretches before you. You’re on the trail of a majestic lion, the king of beasts, to add to your trophy room. You spot your quarry and silently you take aim. But despite your caution, the animal senses your presence and spots you. Will your shot find its mark before it’s too late? In Cabela’s Dangerous Hunts 2009 you’ll face off against some of the world’s biggest and fiercest animals. Travel to nine exotic locations around the world, where you’ll encounter dangerous environments and prey. Arm yourself with nine high-powered weapons as you strive to take down amazing animals, including lions, rhinos, grizzly bears and jaguars. But be careful you’ll need constant vigilance to avoid animal attacks.

PES 2009: Pro Evolution Soccer PRE-OWNED – Nintendo Wii $17.99 SynopsisYour legs are pumping and your heart thumping as you charge down the field. The ball is in your control, your feet dribbling with expert speed and precision as you evade the efforts of the opposing team. You spy an opening and pass skillfully to one of your teammates, who just as expertly receives the ball and blasts through the opposition’s defense. One swift and powerful kick sends the ball soaring toward the goal, and the goalie lunges in a desperate effort to stop it. Will he be able to block the shot, or will there be cause to hear that sweetest of announcements: “GOOOAAALLLL.” PES 2009: Pro Evolution Soccer continues the power and authenticity of this renowned series with new features and enhancements that deepen the intensity of the pro soccer experience. The world of professional soccer comes alive before your eyes courtesy of improved graphics that deliver an ultra-realistic experience. Exciting improvements in ball control, passing and characters’ reactions enhance the authenticity of your teamwork on the field, and an improved artificial intelligence engine adds to the fun with teammates who think and act like real players, constantly seeking out open space, taking intelligent lines toward the goal and on defense and actively calling for the ball. With updated rosters from favorite club and national teams, more realistic camera angles and improvements to the Master League mode, PES 2009 lets you live out your pro soccer dreams and dominate the game like never before.

WWE SmackDown vs Raw 2009 PRE-OWNED – PlayStation 3 $12.99 SynopsisYou hear the crowd roar and feel the adrenaline pulse as you measure up the competition in the center ring. Your teammate has inflicted plenty of damage, but it’s up to you to finish him off. Adrenaline surges, and with a burst of speed you launch yourself into the air. With a swift, bone-crushing move your opponent is slammed to the mat. You hold him, pinned he’s down for the count and you’re one step closer to the ultimate victory. WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 brings all the excitement and intensity of pro wrestling to life. Follow the road to WrestleMania in the game’s new Story mode, featuring the franchise’s first-ever co-op storyline. Pull off vicious tag team finishes as you work as part of a team to build momentum and attributes and then destroy opponents. Customize all aspects of your created superstars and unleash the most devastating final moves. Feel the heart-pounding excitement of the WWE as you claim your victory once and for all.

NPPL Championship Paintball 2009 PRE-OWNED – PlayStation 2 $12.99 SynopsisSee if you can handle the intensity of real-world paintball in NPPL Championship Paintball 2009. Astonishingly lifelike ballistics, physics and motion-captured player movements lend powerful immediacy to every lunge, sprint and slide. Your competitors are out there somewhere stalking you, ready to take you down with splatterings of competition-ending color. From behind cover you explode in a run, pummeling your rivals in a paint-filled barrage. Someone’s got to make it through this without a mark make sure it’s you. Celebrate the uniquely explosive power of paintball in thrilling first-person shooter style. Outfit yourself with more than 110 pieces of officially licensed gear. Upgradeable and unlockable markers, barrels, hoppers and protective equipment are at your disposal. Maneuver through an array of NPPL and Millennium field locations and layouts to find your rivals, then douse them to eliminate them from competition. Play your way across more than 35 exciting tournaments, including Huntington Beach, the Commander’s Cup, Toulouse and Malaga, as well as incredible woodsball levels. You may be equipped like a pro, but here, stealth and cunning are the best weapons of all.

Cabela’s Dangerous Hunts 2009 PRE-OWNED – Xbox 360 $19.99 SynopsisThe vast African savannah stretches to the horizon all around you as you stalk your target. You’ve gone up against some of the biggest and most challenging animals in the world, and your trophy room bears the evidence of it: a grizzly bear, a rhinoceros, even a mighty elephant. Now you’re on the trail of a majestic lion, the king of beasts. He basks in the sun before you, all raw beauty and power. Carefully, quietly, you take aim. But despite your caution, the savvy animal senses your presence. Suddenly you find yourself staring into the eyes of a ravenous carnivore. Will you be able to take him out, or are you about to become lion chow? Face off against some of the world’s biggest and fiercest animals in Cabela’s Dangerous Hunts 2009. Travel to nine exotic locations around the world, where you’ll encounter danger lurking by land, air and sea though perhaps the greatest danger of all is your prey. Arm yourself with nine high-powered weapons as you strive to take down amazing animals, including lions, rhinos, grizzly bears and jaguars. But be careful, or you may find yourself on the wrong end of an animal charge. Show that you have what it takes to triumph over some of nature’s greatest predators and do your best to stay alive.

Rapala Fishing Frenzy 2009 PRE-OWNED – PlayStation 3 $17.99 SynopsisAs your boat bobs along the surface of a pristine lake, you’re enveloped in the hush of early morning. It’s a perfect day for fishing. You bait your hook and cast your line, and almost sooner than you could have hoped, you feel a tug. Quickly you begin to reel in your catch, but it’s a fighter. Your adrenaline surges as you and the fish engage in an elemental battle. Will this be a trophy fish for the ages, or will it turn into another tale of the “one that got away”? Rapala Fishing Frenzy 2009 drops you right into the heart of the fishing action with gameplay that focuses on the intensity of the fight as you reel in your catch. Experience the authentic thrills of fishing with the motion-sensing and vibration capabilities of your SIXAXIS or DUALSHOCK 3 wireless controller as you cast, jig the bait and set the hook. Amazingly photorealistic underwater environments surround you with details so crisp you’ll feel as though you’re really out on the lake. Travel to some of the world’s most renowned fishing spots and compete in 16 incredible tournament events where you’ll pursue species that include large-mouth bass, walleye and pike. Pit your strength and strategy against a variety of trophy fish as you put your angling skills to the test.

Cabela’s Dangerous Hunts 2009 PRE-OWNED – PlayStation 2 $14.99 SynopsisThe vast African savannah stretches to the horizon all around you as you stalk your target. You’ve gone up against some of the biggest and most challenging animals in the world, and your trophy room bears the evidence of it: a grizzly bear, a rhinoceros, even a mighty elephant. Now you’re on the trail of a majestic lion, the king of beasts. He basks in the sun before you, all raw beauty and power. Carefully, quietly, you take aim. But despite your caution, the savvy animal senses your presence. Suddenly you find yourself staring into the eyes of a ravenous carnivore. Will you be able to take him out, or are you about to become lion chow? Face off against some of the world’s biggest and fiercest animals in Cabela’s Dangerous Hunts 2009. Travel to nine exotic locations around the world, where you’ll encounter danger lurking by land, air and sea though perhaps the greatest danger of all is your prey. Arm yourself with nine high-powered weapons as you strive to take down amazing animals, including lions, rhinos, grizzly bears and jaguars. But be careful, or you may find yourself on the wrong end of an animal charge. Show that you have what it takes to triumph over some of nature’s greatest predators and do your best to stay alive.

Metra Installation Kit for 2009 Kia Borrego Vehicles $39.99 Easily mount an aftermarket in-dash DIN or DDIN radio in your vehicle with this installation kit.

Rapala Fishing Frenzy 2009 – Xbox 360 $38.99 SynopsisAs your boat bobs along the surface of a pristine lake, you’re enveloped in the hush of early morning. It’s a perfect day for fishing. You bait your hook and cast your line, and almost sooner than you could have hoped, you feel a tug. Quickly you begin to reel in your catch, but it’s a fighter. Your adrenaline surges as you and the fish engage in an elemental battle. Will this be a trophy fish for the ages, or will it turn into another tale of the “one that got away”? Rapala Fishing Frenzy drops you right into the heart of the fishing action with gameplay that focuses on the intensity of the fight as you reel in your catch. Amazingly photorealistic underwater environments surround you with details so crisp you’ll feel as though you’re really out on the lake. Travel to some of the world’s most renowned fishing spots and compete in 16 incredible tournament events where you’ll pursue species that include large-mouth bass, walleye and pike. Pit your strength and strategy against a variety of trophy fish as you put your angling skills to the test.

Griffin Technology Screen Care Kit for Archos 7 Internet Media Tablets $14.99 Keep your Archos 7 Internet media tablet’s display looking like new with this screen care kit that features 5 matte-finish, static-peel screen protectors for guarding against bumps and scratches. The cleaning cloth easily removes smudges and fingerprints.

Griffin Technology Screen Care Kit for 6th-Generation Apple iPod nano $9.99 Keep your 6th-generation Apple iPod nano looking like new with this screen care kit that features a cleaning cloth for removing smudges and 5 matte-finish, static-peel screen protectors to keep grit and dust away from your device’s screen.

Griffin Technology Screen Care Kit for 4th-Generation Apple iPod touch $14.99 Keep your 4th-generation iPod touch’s display looking like new with this screen care kit that features a cleaning cloth for wiping away fingerprints and dust. The matte-finish, static-peel screen protectors guard against bumps and scratches.

Griffin Technology Screen Care Kit for Zune HD MP3 Players $4.99 This screen care kit features 5 matte-finish, static-peel screen protectors to guard your Zune HD MP3 player’s display against bumps and scratches. The reusable cleaning cloth easily removes smudges, dust and fingerprints.

Spotmau PowerSuite 2011 $39.95 Spotmau PowerSuite 2011 is a big helper for ordinary users who need assistance in computer maintenance and optimization. It includes more than 40 features, such as PC Health Check, Optimize and speed up computer, Diagnose and fix registry and system errors, Clean up computer activity tracks, Build “Personal Safe” for sensitive data, Backup and restore files and system, Clone, partition, and format hard drive, Recover deleted, damaged, or formatted files and even more. It can almost solve all PC problems and be easily installed and used in users’ Windows.

Duac (Clindamycin phosphate, benzoyl peroxide) Care System 1.00 $184 Duac (Clindamycin phosphate, benzoyl peroxide) for unbeatable prices at TotalPetSupply.com Today’s trusted online pet store that dispenses the best quality pet medications.

Spotmau PowerSuite Golden Edition $69.95 Spotmau PowerSuite Golden Edition includes key features below and more. PC Health Check provides 360° PC healthy status check. 1-click to check all the most important items of your PC & Windows and 1-click to fix all the weak items affecting your PC health. Windows Recovery provides a complete solution to recover your corrupt Windows. TuneUp Kit cleans your Windows registry; Enables you to choose which programs and services to run automatically at Windows startup; Optimizes your network speed; Cleans your hard disk, Windows and IE/Firefox privacy data; Removes your unwanted applications. Windows Backup & Restore backup and recovery your Windows, partition table, master boot record and registry periodically. Password & Key Finder finds your lost passwords for Email, MSN, IE and asterisks; finds your Windows, Office and IE product or CD keys. Windows Password Finder can easily reset Windows 7/Vista/2003/XP/2000/NT administrator/user password to blank. Security & Privacy clears up all your activity records in your computer to protect your privacy. Data Recovery (Undelete, Unformat, Raw Rescue) recovers files from an accidentally formatted or reinstalled partition/disk; restore files that have been deleted accidentally. Disk Backup/Restore provides all kinds of backup/restore options under Windows or when Windows crashes. Partition Genius is a powerful partition management tool, it can create/delete/format your partitions; convert one partition type to another; resize/move/split/merge your partitions; hide/show a partition; work perfectly under Windows and Spotmau CD.

UVZ Health Systems Portable Toothbrush Sanitizer – White $19.99 Protect yourself and your family by sanitizing your toothbrushes with this sanitizer that kills up to 99.9% of contagions such as SARS, hepatitis, bacillus, staph, cold and flu viruses. The portable design makes it easy to take with you on the go.

Paws & Claws: Marine Rescue – Nintendo DS $29.99 SynopsisYour heart goes out to poor little animals whenever you see one sick or injured. Your greatest happiness is when you see a lovable critter nursed back to health. Luckily for you, in Paws & Claws: Marine Rescue, you’ve got the tools and the know-how to heal all sorts of marine animals. Animals everywhere should be able to roam about freely and in full health and thanks to you, they can. Rescue, rehabilitate and release animals in Paws & Claws: Marine Rescue. It’s your job to diagnose, treat and care for any marine animal you find that’s injured. With your loving care, these animals will be healthy and happy again in no time. The biggest reward will be when you can set your animal patients free to swim around and play with other animals.

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